Problematization methodology's impact on nursing and medical students' knowledge about hypodermoclysis: quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the problematization methodology impact on the knowledge of nursing and medical students about hypodermoclysis. METHOD: quasi-experimental study conducted with 22 undergraduate nursing and medical students from a public Brazilian higher education institution. The students participated in the educational intervention using the problematization methodology based on the Arch of Maguerez. A previously validated questionnaire was used to determin' the students' knowledge level about hypodermoclysis. This instrument was applied before and after the educational intervention. The results were compared by McNemar's test and Student's t test for paired samples. RESULTS: when comparing the correct answers before and after the intervention, there was a significant increase in 75% of the questions (p<0.05), including theoretical and practical aspects of hypodermoclysis. The mean score on students' self-assessment of the ability to explain (0.9 versus 5.9 points) and perform hypodermoclysis (1.9 versus 5.0) was significantly higher after applying the problematization methodology (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: the problematization methodology had a positive impact on the students' knowledge about hypodermoclysis. The number of correct answers after the educational intervention was higher than the initial assessment. The problematization methodology can be incorporated into the teaching-learning process of nursing and medical students for teaching procedures such as hypodermoclysis. BACKGROUND: (1) The problematization methodology had a positive impact on students' knowledge. BACKGROUND: (2) The number of correct answers after the educational intervention increased. BACKGROUND: (3) Problematization can be incorporated into the teaching of nursing and medicine. BACKGROUND: (4) The teaching-learning process through active methodologies should be encouraged. BACKGROUND: (5) Problematization has the potential to develop cognitive and attitudinal skills.

Problematization methodology's impact on nursing and medical students' knowledge about hypodermoclysis: quasi-experimental study / Impacto de la metodología de problematización en el conocimiento de estudiantes de enfermería y medicina sobre hipodermoclisis: estudio cuasiexperimental / Impacto da metodologia de problematização no conhecimento de estudantes de enfermagem e medicina sobre hipodermóclise: estudo quase experimental

Objective: to analyze the problematization methodology impact on the knowledge of nursing and medical students about hypodermoclysis. Method: quasi-experimental study conducted with 22 undergraduate nursing and medical students from a public Brazilian higher education institution. The students participated in the educational intervention using the problematization methodology based on the Arch of Maguerez. A previously validated questionnaire was used to determin' the students' knowledge level about hypodermoclysis. This instrument was applied before and after the educational intervention. The results were compared by McNemar's test and Student's t test for paired samples. Results: when comparing the correct answers before and after the intervention, there was a significant increase in 75% of the questions (p<0.05), including theoretical and practical aspects of hypodermoclysis. The mean score on students' self-assessment of the ability to explain (0.9 versus 5.9 points) and perform hypodermoclysis (1.9 versus 5.0) was significantly higher after applying the problematization methodology (p<0.001). Conclusion: the problematization methodology had a positive impact on the students' knowledge about hypodermoclysis. The number of correct answers after the educational intervention was higher than the initial assessment. The problematization methodology can be incorporated into the teaching-learning process of nursing and medical students for teaching procedures such as hypodermoclysis.

Objetivo: analizar el impacto de la metodología de problematización en el conocimiento de estudiantes de enfermería y medicina sobre hipodermoclisis. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental realizado con 22 estudiantes de enfermería y medicina de una institución pública de educación superior brasileña. Los estudiantes participaron de la intervención educativa utilizando la metodología de problematización basada en el Arco de Maguerez. Se utilizó un cuestionario previamente validado para determinar el nivel de conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre la hipodermoclisis. Este instrumento se aplicó antes y después de la intervención educativa. Los resultados se compararon mediante la prueba de McNemar y la prueba t de Student para muestras pareadas. Resultados: al comparar las respuestas correctas antes y después de la intervención, se observó un aumento significativo en el 75% de las preguntas (p<0,05), que incluye aspectos teóricos y prácticos de la hipodermoclisis. El puntaje promedio en la autoevaluación de los estudiantes con respecto a su capacidad para explicar (0,9 versus 5,9 puntos) y realizar hipodermoclisis (1,9 versus 5,0) fue significativamente mayor después de aplicar la metodología de problematización (p<0,001). Conclusión: la metodología de problematización tuvo impacto positivo en el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre la hipodermoclisis. El número de respuestas correctas luego de la intervención educativa fue mayor que en la evaluación inicial. La metodología de problematización puede incorporarse al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de estudiantes de enfermería y medicina para enseñar procedimientos como la hipodermoclisis.

Objetivo: analisar o impacto da metodologia de problematização no conhecimento de estudantes de enfermagem e medicina sobre hipodermóclise. Método: estudo quase-experimental realizado com 22 estudantes de graduação em enfermagem e medicina de uma instituição pública de ensino superior brasileira. Os alunos participaram da intervenção educacional usando a metodologia de problematização baseada no Arco de Maguerez. Um questionário previamente validado foi usado para determinar o nível de conhecimento dos alunos sobre hipodermóclise. Esse instrumento foi aplicado antes e depois da intervenção educacional. Os resultados foram comparados pelo teste de McNemar e pelo teste t de Student para amostras pareadas. Resultados: ao comparar as respostas corretas antes e depois da intervenção, houve um aumento significativo em 75% das questões (p<0,05), incluindo aspectos teóricos e práticos da hipodermóclise. A pontuação média na autoavaliação dos alunos quanto à capacidade de explicar (0,9 versus 5,9 pontos) e realizar a hipodermóclise (1,9 versus 5,0) foi significativamente maior após a aplicação da metodologia de problematização (p<0,001). Conclusão: a metodologia de problematização teve um impacto positivo no conhecimento dos alunos sobre hipodermóclise. O número de respostas corretas após a intervenção educacional foi maior do que na avaliação inicial. A metodologia de problematização pode ser incorporada ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem de estudantes de enfermagem e medicina para o ensino de procedimentos como a hipodermóclise.

Incidência e eventos adversos da hipodermóclise no idoso em cuidados paliativos / Incidencia y eventos adversos de hipodermoclisis en ancianos en cuidados paliativos / Incidence and adverse events of hypodermoclysis in the elderly in palliative care

Objetivo: estimar a incidência, tempo de ocorrência de eventos adversos e tempo de permanência da hipodermóclise no idoso Método: Pesquisa realizada com 127 idosos em cuidados paliativos. A avaliação da hipodermóclise foi realizada a cada 24 horas até a ocorrência do evento. Realizou-se análise descritiva, calculando as proporções e a taxa de incidência por 100 punções/pacientes. Resultados: A taxa de incidência dos eventos adversos foi de 22,8% para a hipodermóclise e 27% para os indivíduos em uso de hipodermóclise. O cateter permaneceu em média quatro dias, sendo no mínimo um dia e no máximo 15 dias; a chance de eventos adversos no primeiro dia foi de 6%, de 28% no quinto dia e 48% no décimo. Conclusão: Incidência de eventos adversos foi pequena e localizada; tempo médio da permanência do cateter no local de inserção foi de quatro dias e as probabilidades de apresentar complicações aumentaram no decorrer dos dias.

Objective: to estimate the incidence, time of occurrence of adverse events and time of permanence of hypodermoclysis in the elderly. Method: Research carried out with 127 elderly people in Palliative Care. Assessment of hypodermoclysis was performed every 24 hours until the event occurred. Descriptive analysis was performed, proportions and incidence rate were calculated per 100 punctures/patients. Results: The incidence rate of adverse events was 22.8% for hypodermoclysis and 27% for individuals using hypodermoclysis. The catheter remained for an average of 4 days, with a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 15 days; the chance of adverse events on the 1st day was 6%, 28% on the 5th day and 48% on the 10th. Conclusion: The incidence of adverse events was small and localized; mean time of catheter permanence at the insertion site was 4 days and the probability of presenting complications increased over the days.

Objetivo: estimar la incidencia, tiempo de ocurrencia de eventos adversos y tiempo de permanencia de la hipodermoclisis en ancianos Método: Investigación realizada con 127 ancianos en Cuidados Paliativos. La evaluaciónde la hipodermoclisis se realizó cada 24 horas hasta que ocurrió el evento. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, se calcularon proporciones y tasa de incidencia por 100 punciones/pacientes. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de eventos adversos fue del 22,8 % para la hipodermoclisis y del 27 % para los individuos que usaban la hipodermoclisis. El catéter permaneció en promedio 4 días, con un mínimo de 1 día y un máximo de 15 días; la probabilidad de eventos adversos el primer día fue del 6 %, del 28 % el quinto día y del 48 % el décimo. Conclusión: La incidencia de eventos adversos fue pequeña y localizada; el tiempo medio de permanencia del catéter en el sitio de inserción fue de 4 días y la probabilidad de presentar complicaciones aumentó con el transcurso de los días.

Factors Associated With the Occurrence of Adverse Effects Resulting From Hypodermoclysis in Older Adults in Palliative Care: A Cohort Study.

This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with local adverse effects resulting from hypodermoclysis in older adult patients in palliative care. The study involved 127 older adults undergoing palliative care at a hospital in southeastern Brazil. Data collection was performed from August to November 2019. Patients aged 60 years or older, with a prescription for hypodermoclysis at the time of admission and who were not receiving hypodermoclysis at the time of admission, were included. Data collected included sociodemographic, clinical, pharmacotherapeutic, and adverse effects of hypodermoclysis administration. Most participants were women (59.0%), with a mean age of 78.5 years. Frailty was the most prevalent diagnosis (26.8%), and 80.2% of patients were in the end-of-life stage. There was an incidence of 24.0% of adverse events, with catheter obstruction and swelling in the surrounding area of the hypodermoclysis site being the most frequent at 11.3% and 8.5%, respectively. Ondansetron administration by hypodermoclysis was 3 times more likely to have an adverse effect compared to not using this drug. In contrast, a protective factor was evident with the administration of 0.9% sodium chloride, which contributed to the reduction of complications. The occurrence of adverse effects from hypodermoclysis in the study population of older adults in palliative care was low.

Análise do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa periférica e hipodermóclise em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas / Analysis of intravenous therapy and hypodermoclysis in hospitalized older adults* / Análisis de la terapia intravenosa y de la hipodermoclisis en ancianos hospitalizados

Objetivo: investigar prevalência e complicações do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa e por hipodermóclise em pessoas idosas hospitalizadas. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em hospital de Porto Alegre com amostra de 202 pacientes ≥ 60 anos; terapia intravenosa em período superior a 48 horas de punção e/ou hipodermóclise, com prescrição medicamentosa compatível pelas duas vias. Na coleta utilizou-se um instrumento com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e relacionadas à terapia. A análise foi estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: predomínio do uso de medicamentos por via intravenosa (95,5%), mediana de três medicamentos. As complicações foram apenas da terapia intravenosa, sendo a flebite grau II mais prevalente (54,3%) e infiltração grau I em 1% dos casos. Conclusão: a hipodermóclise, apesar de ser uma via segura, ainda é pouco utilizada na prática clínica. Houve alta prevalência do uso da via intravenosa, apesar de que os medicamentos utilizados também poderiam ser administrados por hipodermóclise.

Objective: This study investigated the prevalence and complications of intravenous and hypodermoclysis therapy in hospitalized older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at a hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil, it included 202 patients ≥ 60 years old who received intravenous therapy > 48 hours and/or hypodermoclysis. An instrument was used to collect sociodemographic, clinical and therapy-related data. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were used. Results: Intravenous therapy predominated (95.5%), with a median of 3 medications. Complications only occurred in intravenous therapy, with grade II phlebitis being the most prevalent (54.3%) and grade I infiltration occurring in 1% of the cases. Conclusions: Despite its safety, hypodermoclysis is still little used in clinical practice. There was a high prevalence of intravenous use, although the same medications could have also been administered via hypodermoclysis.

Objetivo: investigar prevalencia y complicaciones del uso de medicamentos por vía intravenosa y por hipodermoclisis en ancianos hospitalizados. Método: estudio transversal realizado en hospital de Porto Alegre, Brasil, con una muestra de 202 pacientes ≥ 60 años sometidos a terapia intravenosa por más de 48 horas de punción y/o hipodermoclisis, con prescripción medicamentosa compatible por ambas vías. Para la recolección se utilizó un instrumento con variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas a la terapia. El análisis fue estadístico, descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: predominio del uso de medicamentos por vía intravenosa (95,5%), mediana de tres medicamentos. Hubo complicaciones solamente en la terapia intravenosa, siendo flebitis grado II la más prevalente (54,3%), e infiltración grado I en 1% de los casos. Conclusión: la hipodermoclisis, aunque sea segura, es todavía poco utilizada en la práctica clínica. Hubo alta prevalencia de uso de la vía intravenosa, aunque los medicamentos utilizados también podrían administrarse por hipodermoclisis.

Absorption rate of subcutaneously infused fluid in ill multimorbid older patients.

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous (SC) hydration is a valuable method for treating dehydration in the very old patients. Data are absent on the absorption rate, and the availability of SC infused fluid in the circulation in this group of patients where SC hydration is particularly relevant. METHODS: We performed an explorative study on ill very old (range 78-84 years old) geriatric patients with comorbidities who received an SC infusion of 235 ml isotonic saline containing a technetium-99m pertechnetate tracer. The activity over the infusion site was measured using a gamma detector to assess the absorption rate from the SC space. The activity was measured initially every 5 minutes, with intervals extended gradually to 15 minutes. Activity in blood samples and the thyroid gland was measured to determine the rate of availability in the circulation. RESULTS: Six patients were included. The mean age was 81 years (SD 2.1), the number of comorbidities was 4.6 (SD 1.3), and the Tilburg frailty indicator was 3.8 (SD 2.4). When the infusion was completed after 60 minutes, 53% (95% CI 50-56%) of the infused fluid was absorbed from the SC space, with 88% (95% CI 86-90%) absorbed one hour later. The absorption rate from the SC space right after the completion of the infusion was 127 ml/h (95% CI 90-164 ml/h). The appearance of the fluid into the blood and the thyroid gland verified the transfer from SC to circulation. CONCLUSION: This first explorative study of absorption of SC infused fluid in the very old found an acceptable amount of fluid absorbed from the SC space into the circulation one hour after infusion had ended. Results are uniform but should be interpreted cautiously due to the low sample size. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04536324.

Cancer patients in Palliative Care: occurrences related to venipuncture and hypodermoclysis. / Pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos: ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa e hipodermóclise.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the occurrences related to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis among patients hospitalized in a general hospital and in an exclusive hospital institution for the care of patients in palliative cancer care. METHOD: an observational, descriptive and multicenter study. The consecutive and non-probabilistic sample consisted of 160 cancer patients hospitalized in Palliative Care. The outcome variable corresponded to the occurrences and complications related to each type of puncture. A questionnaire containing the sociodemographic and clinical variables and a structured script for monitoring and daily evaluation of the puncture were used. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. RESULTS: the occurrences related to venipuncture at a general hospital were blood soiling at catheter insertion (17.4%) and expired use period (15.8%), while at a specific service for the care of patients under palliative care they were expired use period (32%) followed by infiltration (18.9%). As for hypodermoclysis, there were two subcutaneous punctures with phlogistic signs (1.0%) at the general hospital and a hematoma at the catheter insertion site (0.5%). At the specific service for the care of patients under palliative care there were three subcutaneous punctures with phlogistic signs (5.7%). CONCLUSION: the number of occurrences related to peripheral venipuncture was higher than those related to hypodermoclysis.

Comparison of feasibility between hypodermoclysis and intravenous hydration among palliative care patients in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Hypodermoclysis is a method of subcutaneous fluid administration. It has been used to treat palliative patients safely and effectively. However, the use of subcutaneous hydration is often overlooked. AIM: This study aimed to compare the feasibility, pain experience and acceptability between subcutaneous and intravenous hydration in a hospital setting. METHODS: A prospective, randomised clinical trial was conducted. Patients requiring fluid administration were randomly allocated an intravenous or subcutaneous route. Patients' pain score, satisfaction and acceptance levels were collected. The difficulty score of the needle insertion and acceptance scores from nurses were recorded. FINDINGS: A total of 26 patients were enrolled. The difficulty scores and patients' pain scores were significantly lower in the subcutaneous group. The satisfaction and acceptance levels of the patients and nurses were similar in both groups. No systemic side-effects were found in either group. CONCLUSION: Hypodermoclysis was acceptable and satisfying to patients and nurses. It was less painful than the intravenous route.

Investigating the benefits and harms of hypodermoclysis of patients in palliative care: A consecutive cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Palliative populations are at risk for dehydration which can cause discomfort, distress and cognitive symptoms. Subcutaneous hydration ('hypodermoclysis') has been used as an alternative administration route to the more invasive intravenous route, but research is lacking on its net clinical effects (harms and benefits) for palliative populations, particularly in real world settings. AIM: To quantify prospectively the net clinical effects of hypodermoclysis in palliative patients with advanced disease who required supplementary fluids. DESIGN: Multisite, multinational consecutive cohort study. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Patients receiving hypodermoclysis in an inpatient palliative care setting. RESULTS: Twenty sites contributed data for 99 patients, of which 88 had complete benefits and harms data. The most common primary target symptom for infusion was generalised weakness (18.2%), and the most common non-symptom indication was supplemental hydration (31.8%). Benefits were experienced in 33% of patients in their primary target symptom, and in any symptom in 56.8%. Harms were experienced in 38.7% of patients (42% at Grade 1). Benefits increased with higher performance status, while harms were more frequent in patients with lower performance status (Australia-modified Karnofsky performance status ⩽40). Patients in the terminal phase of their illness experienced the least benefit (15.4% in any indication only) and had more frequent harms (38%). CONCLUSIONS: Hypodermoclysis may improve certain symptoms in patients in palliative care but frequency of harms and benefits may differ at certain timepoints in the illness trajectory. Further research is needed to better delineate which patients will derive the most net clinical benefit from hypodermoclysis.

Caracterização do uso de hipodermóclise em pacientes internados em um Hospital Infantil de Belo Horizonte / Characterization of the use of hypodermoclysis in patients admitted to a Children's Hospital in Belo Horizonte

Introdução: A hipodermóclise consiste na inserção de um cateter via subcutânea para reposição de fluidos e administração de fármacos. Há poucos estudos clínicos que comprovem sua eficácia e segurança para administração de fármacos. Objetivos: Caracterizar o uso da hipodermóclise em pacientes internados em um hospital pediátrico em Belo Horizonte. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, observacional, de coorte transversal e com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando dados de prontuário eletrônico e realizado em uma instituição hospitalar da rede pública de saúde no estado de Minas Gerais no período de 2017 a 2018. Resultados: 27 pacientes fizeram uso da hipodermóclise n=17 (56%) tinham idade inferior a cinco anos, a indicação do cateter foi mais usual na unidade de cuidados paliativos n=12(43%). A região subclavicular foi o sítio mais puncionado n=31 (51,7%), tempo de permanência do cateter entre 1 e 5 dias n=31 (51,7%) e os principais motivos para a retirada foram: sinais flogísticos n=12 (20%) e exteriorização acidental do dispositivo n=10 (16,7%). Foram prescritos 12 fármacos diferentes por esta via sendo a morfina a mais utilizada n=15 (28,9%) e as principal indicação foi para o conforto e controle da dor n=22 (42%). Conclusão: A hipodermóclise é um método seguro e de baixo custo. Novas pesquisas na população geral e pediátrica são fundamentais para produzir evidências da segurança e efetividade desta via.

Introduction: Hypodermoclysis consists of inserting a subcutaneous catheter to replace fluids and administer drugs. There are few clinical studies that prove its efficacy and safety for drug administration. Purpose: To characterize the use of hypodermoclysis in patients admitted to a pediatric hospital in Belo Horizonte. Methods: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional cohort study with a quantitative approach, using data from electronic medical records and carried out in a public health hospital in the state of Minas Gerais in the period from 2017 to 2018. Results: 27 patients who used hypodermoclysis n=17 (56%) were under the age of five years, the indication of the catheter was more usual in the palliative care unit n=12 (43%). The subclavicular region was the most punctured site n=31 (51,7%), catheter dwell time between 1 and 5 days n=31 (51,7%) and the main reasons for the withdrawal were: inflammatory signs n=12 (20%) and accidental externalization of the device n=10 (16,7%) 12 different drugs were prescribed by this route, with morphine being the most used n=15 (28,9%) and the main indication was for comfort and pain control n=22 (42%). Conclusion: Hypodermoclysis is a safe and low-cost method. New research in the general and pediatric population is essential to produce evidence of the safety and effectiveness of this route.

O estado da arte sobre hipodermóclise na assistência à saúde da criança: revisão de escopo / The state of the art on hypodermoclysis in child health care: scoping review

RESUMO Objetivo mapear as evidências sobre hipodermóclise na assistência à saúde da criança. Métodos trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, com busca nas bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online , Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature , Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science e Embase. Incluíram-se estudos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol, sem recorte temporal. Resultados foram analisados 11 estudos com predomínio de revisões de literatura. Os principais temas foram: uso da hialuronidase humana recombinante como facilitadora da absorção subcutânea; comparação entre a reidratação subcutânea e intravenosa; vantagens da hipodermóclise; dor do paciente e as tentativas de punção. Conclusão este estudo permitiu mapear as evidências científicas sobre hipodermóclise, revelando ser uma alternativa viável e válida para administrar medicamentos em crianças. Contribuições para a prática o uso da técnica pode trazer benefícios e fornece evidências para indicá-la e aplicá-la na assistência à criança.

ABSTRACT Objective to mapping the evidence on hypodermoclysis in child health care. Methods this is a scope review, with a search in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus Elsevier, Web of Science and Embase. Studies published in Portuguese, English and Spanish were included, with no time cut. Results a total of 11 studies were analyzed, with a predominance of literature reviews. The main themes were: use of recombinant human hyaluronidase as a facilitator of subcutaneous absorption; comparison between subcutaneous and intravenous rehydration; advantages of hypodermoclysis; patient pain and puncture attempts. Conclusion this study allowed mapping the scientific evidence on hypodermoclysis, revealing it to be a viable and valid alternative for administering medications in children. Contributions to practice the use of the technique can bring benefits and provides evidence to indicate and apply it in child care.

Association between barrier impairment and skin microbiota in atopic dermatitis from a global perspective: Unmet needs and open questions.

Atopic diathesis encompassing atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, food allergy, eosinophilic esophagitis, and asthma is a widely prevalent condition with a broad heterogeneity in clinical course, age of onset, and lifespan persistence. A primary event in AD is the commonly inherited epidermal barrier dysfunction. Together with the host-microbiome interactions, barrier defect and allergen exposure modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, thus triggering and maintaining the inflammatory response. Microbiome diversity, together with the host's contact with nonpathogenic microbes in childhood, is a prerequisite for functional maturation of the immune system, which is in part mediated by microbiome-induced epigenetic changes. Yet, whether microbiome alterations are the result or the reason for barrier impairment and inflammatory response of the host is unclear. Exposure to locally prevalent microbial species could contribute to further modification of the disease course. The objective of this review is to reveal the link between changes in the skin microbiota, barrier dysfunction, and inflammation in AD. Addressing unmet needs includes determining the genetic background of AD susceptibility; the epigenetic modifications induced by the microbiota and other environmental factors; the role of globally diverse provoking factors; and the implementation of personalized, phenotype-specific therapies such as a epidermal barrier restoration in infancy and microbiota modulation via systemic or topical interventions, all of which open gaps for future research.

Treatment of subcutaneous nodules after infusion of apomorphine; a biopsy-controlled study comparing 4 frequently used therapies.

This study aimed to provide clinical evidence for existing treatments of subcutaneous nodules after subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine, using a biopsy-controlled prospective crossover design of four treatments. We demonstrated that dilution of apomorphine significantly improved patient satisfaction, while subcutaneous hydrocortisone reduced nodule size, however with no differences in the histopathology.

Intranasal plus subcutaneous prime vaccination with a dual antigen COVID-19 vaccine elicits T-cell and antibody responses in mice.

We have developed a COVID-19 vaccine, hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD, that expresses SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins with modifications to increase immune responses delivered using a human adenovirus serotype 5 (hAd5) platform. Here, we demonstrate subcutaneous (SC) prime and SC boost vaccination of CD-1 mice with this dual-antigen vaccine elicits T-helper cell 1 (Th1) biased T-cell and humoral responses to both S and N that are greater than those seen with hAd5 S wild type delivering only unmodified S. We then compared SC to intranasal (IN) prime vaccination with SC or IN boosts and show that an IN prime with an IN boost is as effective at generating Th1 biased humoral responses as the other combinations tested, but an SC prime with an IN or SC boost elicits greater T cell responses. Finally, we used a combined SC plus IN (SC + IN) prime with or without a boost and found the SC + IN prime alone to be as effective in generating humoral and T-cell responses as the SC + IN prime with a boost. The finding that SC + IN prime-only delivery has the potential to provide broad immunity-including mucosal immunity-against SARS-CoV-2 supports further testing of this vaccine and delivery approach in animal models of viral challenge.

Efficacy and safety of fremanezumab for chronic migraine prevention: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in Japanese and Korean patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of fremanezumab administration in Japanese and Korean patients with chronic migraine (CM). BACKGROUND: Available preventive treatments for CM are limited by various efficacy and safety issues. Fremanezumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets the calcitonin gene-related peptide pathway involved in migraine pathogenesis, has been shown to be effective and well tolerated in large-scale, international Phase 3 trials. METHODS: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of patients with CM who received subcutaneous fremanezumab monthly (675 mg at baseline and 225 mg at weeks 4 and 8), fremanezumab quarterly (675 mg at baseline and placebo at weeks 4 and 8), or matching placebo. Primary endpoint was the mean change from baseline in the monthly (28-day) average number of headache days of at least moderate severity during the 12 weeks after the first dose. RESULTS: Among 571 patients randomized (safety set, n = 569; full analysis set, n = 566), the least-squares mean (±standard error [SE]) reduction in the average number of headache days of at least moderate severity per month during 12 weeks was significantly greater with fremanezumab monthly (-4.1 ± 0.4) and fremanezumab quarterly (-4.1 ± 0.4) than with placebo (-2.4 ± 0.4). The difference from the placebo group in the mean change (95% confidence interval [CI]) was -1.7 days (-2.54, -0.80) for the fremanezumab monthly group and -1.7 days (-2.55, -0.82) for the fremanezumab quarterly group (p < 0.001 vs. placebo for both fremanezumab groups). The percentage of patients with a ≥50% reduction in the average number of headache days of at least moderate severity per month (response rate) was higher with fremanezumab monthly (29.0%) and fremanezumab quarterly (29.1%) than with placebo (13.2%) in addition to other improvements in secondary endpoints, including reduction of acute medication use (mean change from baseline during 12-week period ± SE: fremanezumab monthly, -3.7 ± 0.4; fremanezumab quarterly, -3.9 ± 0.4; placebo, -2.4 ± 0.4) and improvements in disability scores (mean change from baseline in six-item Headache Impact Test score at 4 weeks after third injection ± SE: fremanezumab monthly, -8.1 ± 0.7; fremanezumab quarterly, -8.0 ± 0.7; placebo, -6.5 ± 0.7). Fremanezumab was well tolerated with a similar incidence of adverse events including injection-site reactions as placebo (patients with at least one treatment-emergent adverse event: fremanezumab total, n = 232 [61.4%]; placebo, n = 118 [61.8%]). CONCLUSION: Fremanezumab effectively prevents CM in Japanese and Korean patients and was well tolerated. No safety signal was detected.

Administração de fluidos por via subcutânea em pacientes oncológicos / Subcutaneous fluid administration in oncological patients / Administración de líquidos subcutáneos en pacientes oncológicos

Objetivo: Descrever as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca dos conhecimentos e das práticas da administração de fluidos por via subcutânea em pacientes oncológicos. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa de literatura, utilizando os descritores enfermagem, hipodermóclise, terapia subcutânea e câncer; nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol, sem data limite de publicação. Dos 160 artigos encontrados, 11 compuseram a amostra. Resultados: Destes artigos, 54% (n=6) estavam publicados na língua inglesa, 63% (n=7) foram publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Dentre eles 81% (n=9) são classificados com nível de evidência seis por constituírem estudos observacionais ou relatos de experiências, enquanto dois estudos são revisões de literatura. Quanto ao assunto principal dos estudos, a maioria das pesquisas aponta a utilização da via subcutânea em pacientes em cuidados paliativos domiciliares. Conclusão: Nesta pesquisa foi possível conhecer a hipodermóclise, suas indicações, finalidades, vantagens e desvantagens, concluindos, a partir dos estudos analisados, ser essa via de administração de fluidos e/ou fármacos uma possibilidade de uso em pacientes oncológicos, tendo como ênfase nos pacientes em cuidados paliativos.(AU)

Objective: To describe the evidence available in the literature about the knowledge and practices of subcutaneous fluid administration in cancer patients. Methodology: Integrative literature review, using the keywords nursing, hypodermoclysis, subcutaneous therapy, and cancer; in English, Portuguese and Spanish, with no publication deadline. Of the 160 articles found, 11 comprised the sample. Results: Of these articles, 54% (n = 6) were published in the English language, 63% (n = 7) were published in the last five years. Among them, 81% (n = 9) are classified with the level of evidence six because they are observational studies or reports of experiences, while two studies are literature reviews. As for the main subject of the studies, most research points to the use of the subcutaneous route in patients under palliative care at home. Conclusion: In this research, it was possible to know hypodermoclysis, its indications, purposes, advantages, and disadvantages, concluding, from the studies analyzed, that this route of administration of fluids and/or drugs is a possibility of use in cancer patients, with an emphasis on palliative care patients.(AU)

Objetivo: Describir la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre el conocimiento y las prácticas de la administración de fluidos subcutáneos en pacientes con cáncer. Metodología: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, utilizando las palabras clave enfermería, hipodermoclisis, terapia subcutánea y cáncer; en inglés, portugués y español, sin fecha límite de publicación. De los 160 artículos encontrados, 11 componen la muestra. Resultados: De estos artículos, 54% (n = 6) fueron publicados en idioma inglés, 63% (n = 7) fueron publicados en los últimos cinco años. Entre ellos, el 81% (n = 9) se clasifican con nivel de evidencia seis porque constituyen estudios observacionales o relatos de experiencias, mientras que dos estudios son revisiones de literatura. En cuanto al tema principal de los estudios, la mayoría de las investigaciones apuntan al uso de la vía subcutánea en pacientes en cuidados paliativos domiciliarios. Conclusión: En esta investigación se pudo conocer la hipodermoclisis, sus indicaciones, propósitos, ventajas y desventajas, concluyendo, a partir de los estudios analizados, que esta vía de administración de líquidos y / o fármacos es una posibilidad de uso en pacientes oncológicos, con un énfasis en los pacientes de cuidados paliativos.(AU)

Complicações relacionadas à punção venosa periférica e à hipodermóclise em pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos / Complications related to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis in cancer patients under palliative care / Complicaciones relacionadas con la venopunción periférica y la hipodermoclisis en pacientes oncológicos en cuidados paliativos

Objetivo: identificar complicações relacionadas à punção venosa periférica e à hipodermóclise em pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados sob cuidados paliativos. Método: estudo descritivo e longitudinal. Foi utilizado questionário para caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica dos participantes, roteiro para a avaliação e acompanhamento da punção. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva. Resultados: participaram do estudo 70 pacientes, sendo 54,3% (n=38) do sexo feminino e com idade média de 68,8 anos (DP = 15,0), cujas principais doenças oncológicas de base foram câncer de cabeça e pescoço e de pulmão. Ademais, 90% das punções avaliadas foram endovenosas e as complicações mais frequentes foram dor local, extravasamento e cateter dobrado ou tracionado. Conclusão: as complicações observadas no período do estudo foram relacionadas apenas às punções venosas. Houve predominância da punção venosa periférica em detrimento da via subcutânea, uma alternativa viável e recomendada para os pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos.

Objective: to identify complications related to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis in cancer patients hospitalized under palliative care. Method: this is a descriptive and longitudinal study. A questionnaire was used for the sociodemographic and clinical characterization of participants, a script for puncture assessment and monitoring. The data were ran through descriptive statistics. Results: seventy patients participated in the study, 54.3% (n=38) of whom were female and with a mean age of 68.8 years (SD = 15.0), whose main underlying oncological diseases were head cancer and neck and lung. Furthermore, 90% of assessed punctures were intravenous and the most frequent complications were localized pain, extravasation and a bent or pulled catheter. Conclusion: the complications observed during the study period were related only to venipunctures. There was a predominance of peripheral venipuncture due to the subcutaneous route, a viable and recommended alternative for cancer patients under palliative care.

Objetivo: identificar las complicaciones relacionadas con la venopunción periférica y la hipodermoclisis en pacientes con cáncer hospitalizados bajo cuidados paliativos. Método: estudio descriptivo y longitudinal. Se utilizó un cuestionario para la caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica de los participantes, un guión para la valoración y seguimiento de la punción. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados: en el estudio participaron 70 pacientes, de los cuales el 54,3% (n=38) eran mujeres y con una edad media de 68,8 años (DE=15,0), cuyas principales patologías oncológicas de base fueron cabeza y cuello y pulmón. Además, el 90% de las punciones evaluadas fueron intravenosas y las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron dolor local, extravasación y catéter doblado o tirado. Conclusión: las complicaciones observadas durante el período de estudio se relacionaron únicamente con las punciones venosas. Predominó la punción venosa periférica en detrimento de la vía subcutánea, alternativa viable y recomendada para pacientes oncológicos en cuidados paliativos.

Hipodermóclise na história da enfermagem: atribuições para enfermeiras no Brasil (1916-1943) / Hypodermoclysis in the history of nursing: attributions for nurses in Brazil (1916-1943) / ipodermoclisis en la historia de la enfermería: atribuciones de las enfermeras en Brasil (1916-1943)

Objetivo: Analisar a construção histórica entre a hipodermóclise e a enfermagem brasileira sob a ótica da dialética marxista. Métodos: Revisão integrativa com discussão sócio-histórica. A coleta de dados foi baseada em livros publicados no Brasil até o ano de 1949. Extraíram-se informações sobre o tema. As atribuições da enfermagem foram discutidas à luz do materialismo histórico-dialético. Resultados:Os autores disponibilizaram o posicionamento dos enfermeiros sobre conceito, indicação terapêutica, material de consumo, local de administração, precaução, evento adverso e cuidado. Houve maior ênfase a algumas atribuições em detrimento de outras, empoderando os enfermeiros preferencialmente nas questões operacionais. Esse fato influenciou as relações de produção e estabeleceu uma dialética entre o fazer de médicos e enfermeiros. Considerações finais: Dentro da produção econômica da hipodermóclise, houve visões convergentes que fizeram com que as atribuições da enfermagem ganhassem mais empoderamento profissional, situando a posição da enfermagem na infraestrutura do cuidado.

Objective: Analyze the historical construction between hypodermoclysis and Brazilian nursing from the perspective of the Marxist dialectics. Methods: Integrative review with socio-historical discus-sion. Data collection was based on books published in Brazil until 1949. Information on the subject was extracted. The attributions of nursing were discussed in the light of the historical-dialectical materialism. Results: The authors provided the nurses' position on the concept, therapeutic indica-tion, consumption material, place of administration, precaution, adverse event and care. There was greater emphasis on some assignments to the detriment of others, empowering nurses preferentially in operational matters. This fact influenced the production relations and established a dialectic be-tween the actions of doctors and nurses. Final considerations: Within the economic production of hypodermoclysis, there were converging views that made nursing attributions gain more professional empowerment, placing the position of nursing in the care infrastructure.

Objetivo: Analizar la construcción histórica entre la hipodermoclisis y la enfermería brasileña desde la perspectiva de la dialéctica marxista. Métodos: Revisión integradora con discusión sociohistórica. La re-copilación de datos se basó en libros publicados en Brasil hasta 1949. Se extrajo información sobre el tema. Las atribuciones de la enfermería se discutieron a la luz del materialismo histórico-dialéctico. Resultados:Los autores aportaron la posición de los enfermeros sobre el concepto, indicación terapéutica, material de consumo, lugar de administración, precaución, evento adverso y cuidados. Se destacaron algunas asignaciones en detrimento de otras, empoderando preferentemente a los enfermeros en cuestiones operativas. Este hecho influyó en las relaciones de producción y estableció una dialéctica entre las acciones de médicos y enfermeros. Consideraciones finales: Dentro de la producción económica de la hipodermoclisis, hubo visiones convergentes que hicieron que las atribuciones de la enfermería ganaran un mayor empoderamiento profesional, ubicando la posición de la enfermería en la infraestructura asistencial.

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la vía subcutánea / Clinical practice guide for the management of the subcutaneous route

La elaboración de esta GPC, se enmarca dentro del Proyecto de Calidad "Elaboración de una Guía de Práctica Clínica para el Manejo de la Vía Subcutánea", seleccionado en la convocatoria del año 2016, del programa de apoyo a las iniciativas de mejora de la calidad en el Servicio Aragonés de Salud e incluido en el Acuerdo de Gestión Clínica de 2017 del Hospital Sagrado Corazón de Jesús. Este trabajo es aprobado por la Dirección Asistencial del Hospital. El objetivo general de esta Guía de Práctica Clínica es aportar un conjunto de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica y cuando ésta no exista, basadas en la experiencia y el consenso, sobre el adecuado uso de la terapia a través de un catéter por vía subcutánea, para el tratamiento de los pacientes de manera segura y sin disminuir la eficacia de los fármacos que pueden ser administrados a través de esta vía, proporcionando recomendaciones a profesionales y pacientes, para ofrecer una atención sanitaria de calidad.

Perampanel attenuates scratching behavior induced by acute or chronic pruritus in mice.

An itch is defined as an unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and has a crucial role in pruriceptive processing in the spinal dorsal horn. It is well known that glutamate exerts its effects by binding to various glutamate receptors including α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, and that AMPA/kainate receptors play a crucial role in pruriceptive processing; however, the precise role of AMPA receptors remains uncertain. Perampanel, an antiepileptic drug, is an antagonist of AMPA receptors. Pretreatment with perampanel dose-dependently attenuated the induction of scratching, a behavior typically associated with pruritus, by intradermal administration of the pruritogen chloroquine. In addition, the induction of scratching in mice painted with diphenylcyclopropenone and NC/Nga mice treated with Biostir AD, animal models of contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis, respectively, was dose-dependently alleviated by administration of perampanel. These findings indicate that AMPA receptors play a crucial role in pruriceptive processing in mice with acute or chronic pruritus.